Botanical Finds in Cornwall - Late June 2023

There was a BioBlitz organised for Colliford Lake, Cornwall's largest reservoir situated on the Bodmin Moor, so I went along to see what I could find for their records. I didn't find any new plant species, but it was great fun looking around the draw down zone of the lake. The usual plants here are tiny, such as this Allseed below. From a standing height it looked a bit like a very small inflorescence of Stagshorn Plantain and knowing that isn't found here, I bent down to take a look. Unfortunately, the flowers were closed as it was a cloudy, drizzly sort of day.

Linum radiola

On the short, sheep grazed turf above the highest water mark was Lousewort. It flowers quite early, in Spring, but the odd plant flowers on until Summer, as below.

The next photo shows a Lousewort in seed, its inflated capsules containing the seed, much like Yellow Rattle and coincidentally, both species are semi-parasitic on neighbouring plants.

Pedicularis sylvatica

Mouse-ear Hawkweed grew here too with its lovely red tinged ligules closed for the rainy day. It also has long hairs on the mouse ear shaped leaf edges pointing inwards, hence its common name.

Pilosella officinarum

Being a BioBlitz I was also photographing and recording insects along the way.

Below is a Cinnabar Moth and it's caterpillars feed exclusively on Ragworts. They are immune to the poisons within Ragwort and use it to protect themselves from predation by birds, amphibians etc.

Tyria jacobaeae

I had no idea what caterpillars these were having never seen the like of them before. My Twitter friends informed me they were the early instar form of the Emperor Moth caterpillars, amazing. More about these caterpillars later in the blog.

Saturnia pavonia

The 5 Spot Burnet Moths were spotted on the wing, mating, emerging from the pupae case and here below as caterpillars. They feed exclusively on either Lotus corniculatus or Lotus pedunculatus (Common and Greater Birdsfoot Trefoils), depending on the sub species of moth. 

See: https://butterfly-conservation.org/moths/five-spot-burnet

Zygaena trifolii 

We recorded many species of plants for South West Lakes Trust's Bioblitz and a big thank you to their representative, Angellese for leading the event and collating the information. 

On the drive home, I took the scenic route through the moor and came to an abrupt halt when I spotted three Greater Butterfly Orchids on the side of the road. They were a bit past their best, unsurprising, given the lack of rain, but great to find and a new monad record too.

Platanthera chlorantha

Sheep's-bit grew along the road verges too. I'm so used to it being seen at coastal locations, I sometimes forget it's also an inland plant, the clue is in its scientific name "montana" (upland/mountainous).

Jasione montana

One Sunday, I decided to record the Port Gaverne area, close to the home of the "Doc Martin" TV series at Port Isaac, for no other reason, than I like being near the sea. I recorded well over 200 plant species here and a fair few were naturalised alien species or garden escapes like the one below.

This is the Orange Day-lily. It has quite a large flower and it's the second one I've seen in the wild in Cornwall in a year and a half of living here. It doesn't seem invasive like Montbretia and doesn't seem to spread much. I know this because, this species was recorded here 9 years ago and it hasn't spread in that time. It's certainly an attractive flower and I can see why gardeners grow it.

Hemerocallis fulva

On the coastal cliffs were hundreds of Narrow-leaved Everlasting Pea which is our native Pea species. The flowers are fewer and duller than the alien Broad-leaved Everlasting Pea and of course, the leaves are at least six times longer than wide, not fat and in your face like the alien one!

Lathyrus sylvestris

Crested Dog's Tail is a common, but attractive grass. You can spot it growing quite early on, but it takes a while for the spikelets to open up. When they do and they catch the light, they look amazing. I didn't quite catch the light here, but you get the idea.

Cynosurus cristatus

Musk Mallow was, and still is, putting on fine displays in various places. The one below was at Port Gaverne, but I have seen it on many road verges and roundabouts. The drought hasn't bothered it at all. One plant near me, came into flower in Summer last year and was still in flower for the New Year Plant Hunt on New Year's Day! I used to think these were a plant of calcareous places, but they can tolerate a degree of acidity and our road verges are not too acid for the most part for them.

Malva moschata

A 15 minute drive from my home is Pentireglaze, a lovely small beach with abutting cliffs and an abundant flora including one of Cornwall's coastal specialities, Babington's Leek, which has now come into flower. They are a tall plant, often growing to 3, maybe 4 feet tall with a clustered ball of purple flowers. I do like them.

Allium ampeloprasum var. babingtonii

It was late evening when I walked up the valley at Pentireglaze, so the dragonfly below was roosting. When they are on the wing, they are hard to chase down for a photograph as they are so active. so the middle of the day is not such a good time to take their picture.

This stunner is called a Golden-ringed Dragonfly.

Cordulegaster boltonii

On a field edge, I found a few Corn Marigolds. These are naturally occurring in Cornwall and (for the most part) are not arising from wildflower seed mixes or bird seed feeders. They're bright and cheerful aren't they.

Glebionis segetum

From big, in your face flowers, to the tiny ones you walk past without knowing it. On the same walk, I found some tiny Knotted Hedge Parsley, probably only a few inches tall. They can grow to around a foot tall, but the lack of rain has stunted them in height I think.

Torilis nodosa

In the last week of June, I went to Cubert Common, South of Newquay for a look around. The walk took me into one edge of Holywell dunes too, so it was very scenic. One of the plants I found was the white form of Black Horehound. I've seen it before in Kent, but it is very uncommon. They are usually dirty pink/light purple colour. It seems all the Black Horehound in Cornwall is subsp meridionalis, so I looked up what this meant. Basically, the main difference is that the calyx is wider than long. In subsp nigra, the calyx is longer than wide. Seems odd having a subspecies name for such a small difference, perhaps the chromosome count is different too.

Ballota nigra subsp meridionalis (var. albiflora)

The stunning piercing blue of Brooklime, a Speedwell that likes to grow in very damp conditions, in this case, on the edge of a streamlet. It's a shame their flowers are tiny, otherwise they would be grown in gardens I think.

Veronica beccabunga

A beautiful view from Holywell Dunes and a habitat photo for Sea Holly and Sea Bindweed amongst lots of other sand loving species.

Here is one of hundreds of Sea Holly plants, with most coming into flower. The bumblebees loved them too. There's actually a brownish crab spider under the flower with a flying insect it caught there.

Eryngium maritimum

Common Poppies and Corn Marigolds at West Pentire. The place was crowded with tourists all there to see the poppies. This was a shame as there was so much trampling of the field edges that the National Trust has had to rope off all the fields. I had hoped to wander up the field edges for some arable rare plants, but that was not to be. 

Do we really need a crop of poppies in an arable field noted for rare plants?

My last excursion in June was with the Cornwall Botany Group, where we surveyed and recorded Creney Farm, South of Lostwithiel. Cornwall Wildlife Trust had purchased the farm to join up the landscape with three adjoining nature reserves. So the purpose of our visit was to identify plants (and insects) and record what was already there. That is essential to know before any work is done on this new reserve. Without such knowledge, rare plants or insects could be inadvertantly wiped out by "improving" areas, ironically for wildlife! So it was great to listen to a CWT representative talk about their plans for the reserve and how to best create habitats for all forms of wildlife.

Below, the group was making its way through rush dominated grassland that had been partially drained and "improved" for farming by the previous owners. The "improvements" failed and farming was not worthwhile in some of these fields. Here, we found remnants of good bog habitat that could be restored, with plants such as Marsh Cinquefoil, Marsh St. John's Wort and Marsh Speedwell all still present.

Some of the plants found here included:

Marsh Pennywort with its tiny umbel of flowers

(you don't think of this plant as being an umbellifer, but it is)

Hydrocotyle vugaris

Heath Rush with its tufted leaves flattened at the base and an inflated sheath around the spikelet node. I'd been struggling working out Juncus species without taking a sample home to study, so it was great to be given hints on its form by the Vice County Recorder and how to easily identify such species quickly.

Juncus squarrosus

Lesser Skullcap, which grows in boggy, damp and acidic places.

Scutellaria minor

Harestail Cottongrass with its single seed head (as opposed to the three in Common Cottongrass).

Eriophorum vaginatum

Common Valerian with its typical branched flower spikes and pom poms of little flowers. This really is quite common in Cornwall, but quite rare in Kent. I suspect that's simply because Cornwall has so much more damp habitats than Kent, which this species likes for sure.

Valeriana officinalis

Below was our final find from this day, another caterpillar that I didn't recognise. Well, it's the Emperor Moth caterpillar again, but this time, it's the final instar form before it pupates for the Winter to hatch as one of the UK's most magnificent moths in the Spring. What an amazing caterpillar!

Saturnia pavonia

Have a look here for photos of this beautiful moth.

https://butterfly-conservation.org/moths/emperor-moth

 

That rounds up June. The weather experts tell us it's been the warmest June on record and it was certainly the driest I can ever recall, following on from a very dry May too. As I write this on the 5th July, I am pleased to say it's been raining heavily for two days of July already, with some more forecast. Hopefully, some annual plants may now germinate and continue into September, providing we don't get any extended long hot and dry periods again. Sunny days, rain overnight, that's all I ask....

 

I often compare the Cornwall flora to Kent, where I used to live. It occurred to me that readers might like to see the Kent flora too, so if chalk flora and plants from Late Spider Orchids to Bastard Cabbage interest you, have a look at https://barbus59.blogspot.com/ or for my Kent blogs as a beginner, see https://barbus59.tumblr.com/archive (scroll down to view individual blogs in date order).

Take care

Dave

Botanical Finds in Cornwall - Early June 2023

 The following is a collection of plants of note that I found on short trips around Cornwall in early June. First up was a trip to a boggy heath near Bodmin. It is one of the few sites for Early Marsh Orchids and a few were out when I visited.

Dactylorhiza incarnata subspecies pulchella

Both species of Sundew had appeared, where a month ago, none could be found.

Oblong-leaved Sundew - Drosera intermedia

Round-leaved Sundew - Drosera rotundifolia

Below is the Royal Fern, highlighted by the evening sun, looking fantastic as ever. In the second photo below you can just see the "flower spike" that will carry the spores up high for dispersal. This large fern only grows in permanently damp, acidic places.

Osmunda regalis

Whilst talking about ferns, here is another beauty, the fresh fronds of a Golden Scaly Male Fern. The back of the fronds are covered in golden scales from the base to the tip of the rachis. Later on, black blotches will appear on the underside of the lowest pinnule of each pinnae. These features differentiate it from Male Fern, which is plain and dull in comparison, and usually nowhere near as big.

Dryopteris affinis subspecies affinis

Pyramidal Orchids were now flowering on the relatively calcium rich sands of the North coastal areas, the one below at Booby's Bay. They do start off pyramidal in shape, but as all the flowers open, the shape changes to more of a cylindrical one.

Anacamptis pyramidalis

Dyer's Greenweed was in flower now all along the North coast clifftops and coastal heaths. This is the low growing form which is always procumbent and the most commonly found Greenweed species in Cornwall. Outside of the county, this is the rare one and the upright Dyer's Greenweed is found.

Genista tinctoria subspecies littoralis

Sea Milkwort had carpets of flowers across some clifftops, it's a pretty but small flower.

Lysimachia maritimum

In wet flushes caused by faults in the bedrock, grew Brookweed.

Samolus valerandi

On an evening trip to a mid Cornwall heath, I came across a few Cornish Bladderseed in flower. These are only found in Cornwall I think, and are endemic to the UK.  They are another plant that do not like competition and these below grew in a place where there had been a fire in recent times. This provided disturbance for germination and killed off the competition allowing the seedlings to mature. It's only about half the height of Cow Parsley and much more delicate. As shown in the composite photo below, its leaves are mostly basal.

Physospermum cornubiense

There was a hatch of Large Skipper Butterflies there too. There are three common Skipper butterflies. The Large Skipper has the spots on the wing as below and when the wings are open, a black streak down the forewing (scent glands). The Small Skipper lacks these and has brown or orange-tipped antennae and Essex Skippers are the same as Small, but have black tipped antennae.

Ochlodes sylvanus

Some roadside Fox and Cubs, a very cheery plant. The "cubs" are the ever present flower buds below the foxy flower.

Pilosella aurantiaca

So ended a hot and dry first half of June, with no substantial rain in the forecast for some time. When rain is forecast, it fails to happen and we stay dry.  The blog for the last week of June will follow soon.

Take Care

Dave

The Lizard NNR Early June 2023

 I thought I would visit a different area within the large area that comprises The Lizard National Nature Reserve in order to find new species. I had in mind an area near Predannack Airfield where I hoped to find some unusual and rare plants. This area holds a small shallow lake with boggy areas and then dry heath around it. I headed towards the lake area first, my boots coming perilously close to having water and bog sludge overtopping the laces. Some of the interesting plants I found follow.

In the margins were small white flowers comprising of four overlapping petals with yellow centres. The spear like leaves meant they could only be Lesser Water-Plantain. This plant likes to keep its feet wet, but seems to also do well in areas where Winter water levels drop over Summer leaving damp, boggy conditions.

Baldellia ranunculoides

Ragged Robin and Marsh Speedwell were also at the pool's edges, but I have already featured them in recent blogs. I had hoped to find Lesser Marshwort, but perhaps I was too early as none could be seen at this known site for them. Their leaves are as fine as Pignuts and could have been submerged too, so unless flowers are out, they're easily missed. After trudging around the boggy lake for a while, I made my way up a track that progressively became drier and drier, until there were two almost dry vehicle ruts going across dry heath. In this habitat I found one of my target species that I had wanted to see, the Yellow Centaury.

 

Their stems are only about 2mm wide and the flowers about 5mm across. As such, they are very hard to photograph in situ. I wasn't happy with these photos, but they're all I have of this delightful tiny plant (for now).

 

Cicendia filiformis

Nearby, but still in the ruts were lots of Toad Rushes and amongst them, the attractive Bulbous Rush.

Juncusbulbosus

Here's a habitat photo showing the ruts that these plants were growing in. Both species require open ground and cannot tolerate competition from other plants, thus management is needed from time to time to keep scrub and grasses at bay. In natural areas, they would grow where large animals poached the ground in Winter conditions leaving muddy puddles in their hoof prints. This would create new habitats each year. This doesn't happen with modern day farming as it is too intensive and the plants themselves would be grazed before they could flower. Unfortunately, I didn't find Pygmy Rush which was supposed to be here too.

 

Habitat photo for Cicendia filiformis and Juncus bulbosus

 Now I was in dry acidic heathland, the flora changed and dotted here and there were the delicate flowers of Petty Whin, a rare and declining species nationally. It's like a very small Gorse bush with weak prickles and similar flowers. The leaves are more like Dyer's Greenweed than Gorse though, no surprise given it's in the same family as the former. Look at those lovely seed pods!

 

Genista anglica
 

In a few places, there were carpets of the tiny Lesser Stitchwort flowers, lovely to see amongst the grasses.

Stellaria graminea

I then went through a gate into an unexpected meadow full of orchids and other lovely plants.

Heath Spotted Orchid - Dactylorhiza maculata

 

I am always amazed at the variation of their petals, colours and markings.

There were plenty of Southern Marsh Orchids too and as expected a few hybrids between them and Heath Spotted. It's not hard to spot these hybrids (most of them anyway), as they often show hybrid vigour and tower above their nearby parents. The plant below was triple the height of the Heath Spotted and double that of the Southern Marsh parents. Given the flower arrangement, I suspect that the maternal parent was Heath Spotted in this case.

D. x hallii

There were numerous Yellow Bartsia in the meadow too, a beuatiful yellow flowered imposing plant that is hemi-parasitical on nearby plants, usually grasses I think.

Parentucelia viscosa

Unfortunately, whilst crouching down to take these photos I picked up three nasty ticks. I didn't find them until I got home and was constantly scratching. I found one under my left knee, another by my left knee and one on the left side of my waist. I removed all three using a tick remover tool (like a credit card with notches in it) and eyelash tweezers for the one under my knee where the tool couldn't reach. So far, no rash has appeared and I don't feel unwell, but beware of ticks and Lyme's Disease at this time of the year.

 Some of the many Southern Marsh Orchids here.

Dactylorhiza praetermissa

 In the same monad (1km grid square) but not in the same meadow, I found around 9 Heath Fragrant Orchids.  These plants have a lovely scent.

They were again surrounded by hordes of Heath Spotted Orchids, but this time I couldn't find their hybrid. It's not a common hybrid, though I did find some last year at another venue in Cornwall.

Gymnadenia borealis

 When I returned to the car, which was parked in a tarmacked layby, I noticed Sand Spurrey growing in a crack, they really are opportunists.

Spergularia rubra

Whilst here I did manage to photograph one butterfly, the stunning Small Pearl-bordered Fritillary.

Boloria selene

 

I still had a couplle of hours spare, so I decided to visit a coastal area near Mullion, still within The Lizard NNR. There were lots of lovely plants here too of course.

 Below is one of a large group of Dropwort plants on a coastal cliff path. They have dainty white flowers but with bright pink buds and look much nicer than their relative, Meadowsweet.

Filipendula vulgaris

 

Common Restharrow flowers lined the path in places. It seems almost invisible when not in flower, so I must miss it at other times. The leaves have an unpleasant "gone off" lemony smell when you touch them too. There is a variety called var. horribilis (and another species, Ononis spinosa) which are viciously spiny, so don't grab a load of it just in case! The flowers are about 1cm tall on a low growing plant. Sometimes I forget to include some sort of scale and the macro lens make these flowers look huge when they are not.

Ononis repens

 A straggler of Western Clover was the final plant of note here before I returned home. The drought had shrunk the Clover season to a couple of weeks instead of a month, but they still flower and survive to seed for the next generation.

Trifolium occidentale

 

That ended my first full day outing in June. Until next time, take care and get outside and find some of these plants for yourself.

Dave

P.S. One of the advantages of allowing (moderated) comments is that sometimes if I get an ID wrong, people can tell me about it. The Bulbous Rush above was originally incorrectly described as Pygmy Rush by me, I've put that right. Here's a photo of Juncus pygmaeus taken by David Pearman and provided to me by my VCR.

Dave