New Species of Grasses, Sedges, Rushes etc found in Cornwall in 2022

 This is my final blog relating to my finds of new species (for me) in Cornwall during 2022. It includes the more interesting plants in this section though I have omitted lots of sedges, which to the untrained eye all look very similar.

On a field trip to Harbour Cove sand dunes, a new sub species of False Oat Grass was pointed out to me by the County Recorder, but this was different to the thousands of specimens of that grass that I usually see just about everywhere. This is a subsecies that grows bulbs or corms below ground. Unfortunately, you have to almost pull up the grass to determine this, but on the plus side it is a common grass so no harm is done by checking a few plants to find it. You can even buy this plant online for your garden, though most gardeners would weed out wild grasses like this.

This was found in numerous bronze and iron age burial mounds, but it is unclear whether they were used for a ritual purpose or for food.

False Oat-grass - Arrhenatherum elatius subsp bulbosum

On the same field trip I was also introduced to the most deadly rush I've ever seen. Just looking at it like in the photo below, it just looks like a stout rush  growing in sand dunes. However, the inflorescences are borne upon very stiff leaves which sit bolt upright tipped by a stiff, sharp spine. These stems are rigid and do not bend from above. If you bent over near to one, it could stab out an eyeball or penetrate your skin, perhaps up to an inch deep.

Click here to see its UK distribution map.

https://plantatlas.brc.ac.uk/plant/juncus-acutus 

Sharp Rush - Juncus acutus

After being suitably warned by the field trip leader, I walked on and saw a small Trifolium. As I bent over to look at it, I very nearly came into contact with one of those spines to my face, so I'm obviously a bit of a slow learner! In the photo below you can see the sharp tip of these stems. Be careful around this impressive but dangerous plant.

On a May field trip to The Lizard we saw many amazing wildflowers and a mini fern called Pillwort (see my last blog). However, another miniature plant from this field trip was this Dwarf Rush below, a very rare plant indeed. It's related to the Sharp Rush above and in the same genus, but couldn't be more different. Only a couple of inches tall and so easily missed as one walks by.

If you click here, it will show you the UK distribution for it. I'm quite lucky being in Cornwall to have it grow here in the wild.

https://plantatlas.brc.ac.uk/plant/juncus-capitatus 

Dwarf Rush - Juncus capitatus

Below is a small sedge called the Flea Sedge as it supposedly looks like fleas gathered on a stem. I'd never come across it in Kent, but in Cornwall it is common on the acidic moors, bogs and heaths. When I've photographed other plants, I've noticed small Flea Sedges in the flora around the target plant. This little plant is easy to recognise too. It's a shame they don't have jumping seeds! It is quite common in the West and North of England, but absent from Kent entirely.

Flea Sedge - Carex pulicaris

Another Carex I frequently found here was the Star Sedge. Again, I'd never seen one before and when I first came across it, I thought it was False Fox Sedge, which is similar but the florets are more compact in the inflorescence. I've seen Star Sedge with a single "star" of seeds around the stem too, not all have multiple groups of "stars" like the one shown below. This one likes damp or wet acidic ground.

Star Sedge - Carex echinata

Below is an Umbrella Plant, one of several species of Cyperus that have escaped from gardens into the wild. I've found them in a few places, though none were anywhere near a garden! One location was an arable field edge not even near a road, another was in a disused quarry and one on the edge of a nature reserve. It gets about, I suspect birds might spread it. Although it is an attractive plant, it tends to form large clumps crowding out other species, so you wouldn't want it suddenly appearing on a sensitive site.

Pale Sedge - Cyperus eragrostis

An odd type of sedge I found was White-Beak Sedge which is sufficiently different to have its own family and not be included in Carex. I had heard of it but never seen it until 2022. I was on Retire Common near Bodmin admiring Heath Spotted Orchids and other flora when I came across an area that looked like it had snowflakes scattered about it. It was of course, the white coloured seedheads of this species which had formed a large colony in the bog area. A lovely plant to find. This species has a similar distribution to Fleaa Sedge, though is more common in western areas.

White Beak Sedge - Rhynchospora alba

"Snow" on the ground in June.

 

One of the more interesting grasses I found was Dune Fescue. It's not very common here and of course, I'd never seen it before. I found it in dunes on both sides of the River Camel, at Rock and Harbour Cove, growing with Sand Sedge and Marram Grass. It has orange-brown, almost rust coloured spikelets on a rhizome. So you often see these growing in a line as plants arise from the rhizome at regular intervals..

Dune Fescue - Vulpia fasciculata

This sedge below was shown to me on a field trip too. I was familar with Remote Sedge which has a long bract above a small, compact inflorescence, but this coastal species had an exceptionally long bract and much larger inflorescents than Remote Sedge. As such, it's an easy one to remember and identify for the future too.

Long-bracted Sedge - Carex extensa

My final find that I want to highlight was a rare sedge called Flat Sedge - because it's flat. Or at least it looks like it is in cross section. My first impression was that someone had tried to press it using a heavy book, but it just grows that way.

It only grows a few inches high in dune turf and is only found in Cornwall on MOD land at Penhale as far as I know. It's more common in East Anglia and the north of England.

Flat Sedge - Blymus compressus

So ends my new species found list for 2022. I have omitted a few, mostly where photos were disappointing, but there are still so many to find. The book, Flora of Cornwall published in 2020 has a huge species list and many of those are native plants too. As such, I should be kept busy for many years to come I hope. If you want to record or just see these plants, I would highly recommend buying a copy if you can find one. Here's a link to it.

https://www.summerfieldbooks.com/product/a-flora-of-cornwall/

 Many counties publish their own flora, so do some research and see what your own local area has to offer. Spring isn't far off now so there is much exploring to look forward to.

Take care

Dave

@Botany2021

New Ferns and Allies Found in Cornwall in 2022

 I wasn't going to write a blog on ferns, just confining the subject to flowering plants, but then I thought that botany applies to all vascular plants and some of you will be interested in what Cornwall has to offer. There's still lots of ferns here that I haven't yet seen or taken good photos of and some of the following are very common, but not so in north Kent where it's mostly dry and alkaline. As such, many were new to me. So here is a summary of the best new finds from 2022 relating to ferns or horsetails that I found in Cornwall.

The Rustyback Fern was the first fern I found on my very first trip out last February. It was growing on a garden centre wall in Sladesbridge and was a new monad record too. I later found it's uncommon the further west one goes into Cornwall as it doesn't like soils that are too acidic. I guess the lime in the wall mortar though was to its liking. It gets its name from the dense carpets of rust coloured spores that virtually cover all of the underside of the fronds, see 2nd photo below.

Asplenium ceterach

 

 On the same trip I saw some very impressive "shuttlecock" type ferns that grew large impressive fronds out of a single rootstock. I've not been too good on these ferns before, but I decided to study them and work them out. Below is a Golden-scaled Male Fern. It was quite spectacular and they were quite common in the woodland. The stem has rich golden scales that go from the base to the tip and there are black spots where the pinnules join the stem. Whilst related to the more common Male Fern, it is far more attractive.

Dryopteris affinis

Another common fern here is the Soft Shield Fern. Not once did I find this in Kent, though I did find the Hard Shield Fern once. The Soft Shield Fern is delightful; it is delicate and "soft" in outline, and though again it arises in a shuttlecock form it is much less tall and imposing as the Golden Scaled Male Fern above. The easy way to identify these is to look at the little thumb like feature at the base of the pinnules. It sticks out forward more or less parallel to the stem. This feature can be seen at standing height and I can identify it now by simply walking by and noticing those little "thumbs"..

Polystichum setiferum

An attractive small fern that is always found within the salt spray zone here is the Sea Spleenwort. Its attraction is having fleshy bright green fronds. It's small and compact and tucks itself into cliff crevices close to the sea but above the storm high tide mark. The leaves are fleshy being adapted to growing in a high salt environment. This species isn't present in Kent, likely due to there being a lack of habitat for it. Kent is mostly shingle, mud estuary or chalk cliffs fronted by large sea walls. However, here in Cornwall, it finds its niche in the ever eroding natural cliffs found on both coastlines.

Asplenium marinum

I would find Polypody Ferns in Kent but at that time could not identify them for sure. They were unusual to find and a microscope would be needed to firmly identify them to count rings on the mechanism that holds the spores. However, in Cornwall, Polypodies are literally found everywhere. As such, I bought a cheap microscope from a local supermarket and set to work to identify them for sure. The most numerous are Common Polypody and the natural hybrid between that and Southern Polypody called Intermediate Polypody. After checking lots of plants, it's now apparent that a visual check nearly always matches what the microscopic examination would tell me. The fronds below were very large and on checking them microscopically, I confirmed them as that natural hybrid.

Polypodium interjectum

The most impressive fern in the UK in my opinion is the Royal Fern. It can grow to six feet or more and have a similar diameter. I had seen this plant in Kent once before but never "in flower". The spike containing the orange coloured spores rise another two feet above the fern as shown below in an impressive display. For unknown reasons I didn't get my phone out and take a wider angle photo! I'll rectify that next summer. Here it grows on wet heaths and bogs as it grows mostly in permanently damp or wet ground.

Osmundia regalis

After finding the tallest, most impressive fern, I was shown some of the smallest in the UK. On a field trip with the Cornwall Botany Group to The Lizard we were shown the very rare Pillwort. The fern itself comprised of tiny curly strands poking up. These start off green and turn through yellow to rust coloured. As they mature, the spores form in a small sphere or pill shaped sphere, from whence it gets its common name. It was found on heath land near Kynance Cove in dried up puddles and tractor ruts. It's certainly a strange looking plant.

Pilularia globulifera 

The Lizard field trip produced for us another amazing tiny fern (strictly speaking, it's a Lycophyte), the Land Quillwort. Normally one would only see the slender leaves above ground, which look a lot like a young fleshy grass, so would be very easy to miss. Fortunately, this one was kicked up by livestock allowing us to see the plant as a whole. The local experts know that you can replant it  without harming the plant, so this was done before we left. This species is only found in the Channel Islands and on The Lizard in Cornwall.

Isoetes histrix

 

 My last find was again from a field trip and another plant that I would never have found on my own for two reasons. The first is that it was so tiny it blended into the flora around it, much of which was stunted Creeping Willow (Salix repens), so it was almost invisible and took a lot of searching for, even though our guide knew it was there - somewhere! The second reason is that this plant is only found in Cornwall on dunes on an active MOD base, thus there is no access unless previously authorised, as in this case. It's got to be the most attractive Horsetail (in my opinion) given the colours and its delicate nature. In the photo below I placed my hand lens to give you some scale.

Equisetum variegatum

 

That wraps up 2022 for ferns and their allies. I'm glad I have so many more to find though, such as filmy ferns, hybrid Polypodies, Clubmosses and much more. If starting out with ferns there's two books I would recommend to help you get started. Be aware that the best way forward is to take the book into the field and sit down next to a fern and go through the identification step by step. After seeing a few, you get the hang of it, so it's worth persevering.

This book may be out of print, though the Cornwall county Recorder may have a few copies left - see http://www.botanicalcornwall.co.uk/

 

 

 

The Fern Guide is still in print and gives more details to identify UK ferns.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

My next blog will cover a few species of interesting grasses, sedges and rushes that I found in Cornwall in 2022. 

Take care

Dave

New Plant Species Found in Cornwall 2022 - Part 2

 This blog follows on from Part 1 showing new species I've found in Cornwall in 2022; species I'd never seen before and growing in the wild. 

There were a few new orchid species found too.

 D. x hallii - Hybrid bewteen Southern Marsh and Heath Spotted Orchids.

This hybrid was very common all around Cornwall where both species commonly grow on road verges. It is typically at least 5 times taller than either parent and may or may not have spotted leaves. The flowers will represent whichever parent donated its ovary to the offspring, in this case, Heath Spotted. Surprisingly, not many have been recorded here before, I suspect, because it takes a while to get used to Dactylorhiza, people shy away from them. In Kent, D. x grandis was the common hybrid, which is between Southern Marsh and Common Spotted Orchids.

 

Gymnadenia densiflora - Marsh Fragrant Orchid

When the Fragrant Orchids were split into 3 separate species, it became apparent that we didn't have any Marsh Fragrant in Kent. I doubt they will ever be found there. There the dominant species is Chalk Fragrant and one needs to ignore the name "densiflora" as Chalk Fragrant can have much denser flowering spikes than D. densiflora actually has. However, the petal shape and lengths are different between the two. Marsh Fragrant has a different look to it and it also smells different. The smell is more like cloves rather than the sweet smell of Chalk Fragrant. The only known Cornish site for them is on MOD land near Perranporth which we visited with permission on a Cornwall Botany Group field trip.

Dactylorhiza praetermissa var. albiflora 

White flowered Southern Marsh Orchid

I've obviously seen thousands of Southern Marsh orchids, but until now, I had never seen an all white flowered form. White flowered forms are quite common in other orchids, but seem rare in this species, so it was a great find, though a week or so past its best. On a privately managed site near Bodmin.

 

Dactylorhiza fuchsii var hebredensis - Western Common Spotted Orchid

Until recently, these were subspecies hebredensis but have since been downgraded by some taxonomists to a variant. However, they do look very different to normal Common Spotted Orchids. They are all diminuitive in size (6-8" average), all pink/purple and are only found here near Tintagel on the north coast cliffs. Common Spotted Orchids are quite uncommon in Cornwall, so I hope to return to try and find the hybrid with Southern Marsh (D. x grandis) later this year.

 

X Dactylodenia evansii -Heath Spotted x Heath Fragrant Orchid

A rare hybrid that I found at Rosenannon Downs where it was a new species for the venue. An easy way to tell this type of hybrid is that they usually have a scent as this one did. Both parents grow here, though the Heath Spotted usually flowers earlier than the Heath Fragrant. However, as evidenced here, there must be a crossover in flowering times in some years.

My last new orchid species was the ever elusive and tiny Bog Orchid. I had tried to find them on my own and failed, even where previously recorded. So I attended another field trip and was guided to them by experts. What struck me was they they are almost invisible and easily trampled. They are light pale green, the exact same colour as Sphagnum Moss upon which they grow. Another challenge is they like it to be very wet. You will sink and get wet feet or lose a welly whilst photographing them. At this site, we found over 80 spikes which was good news indeed. I am sure the hot summer of 2022 worked in their favour for flowering, especially as the stream supplying the bog with water did not dry up.

Hammarbya paludosa - Bog Orchid

 That's it for now. That's a long list of new species for my first year in Cornwall and doesn't include the many new species of rushes, sedges, grasses and ferns that I've found either - I may write one for those too. It proves that a change of location to new soils and habitats can provide a wealth of new species to find. Most counties have very rare or uncommon species, sometimes found nowhere else, seek them out and experience the thrill of finding something new.

Take Care

Dave

New Plant Species Found in Cornwall 2022 - Part 1

 

 I moved from Kent to Cornwall in February 2022 and it soon became apparent that the flora was very different here. The differing climate, soils and bedrock produced a wealth of flora species new to me. This blog summarises those finds. To see these species in detail, see my previous blogs from the 2022 archive. All these plants were found growing in the wild and not planted or in gardens. I moved from Kent to Cornwall in February 2022 and it soon became apparent that the flora was very different here with the differing climate, soils and bedrock producing a wealth of new plant species for me. To keep it simple for me, these are in alphabetical order using their scientific name rather than date found.

Allium ampeloprasum var babingtonii - Wild Leek 

A native coastal plant that grows to around 4 feet tall.

Antennaria dioica - Mountain Everlasting

Only a few inches tall, it forms large mats with male and female flowers on different plants. In Cornwall it is only found at Gear Sands near Perranporth.

Atriplex glabriuscula x prostrata - Hybrid Orache

An odd looking Orache I found at the high tide mark on the River Camel estuary near Wadebridge, confirmed by the BSBI Atriplex referee.

Atriplex x taschereaui = A. glabriuscula x longipes - Hybrid Orache

The first hybrid Orache I found that just looked odd, found in a cliff crack on the north Cornwall coast. Confirmed by the BSBI Atriplex referee too.

Capsella rubella - Red Shepherd's Purse

Only found at The Lizard in Cornwall, here it is found in the grass car park in the village itself. All parts are infused with red colouring.

Chamaemelum nobile - Chamomile 

Although present in parts of West Kent, this is a species I never did get around to seeing. It is common here on Bodmin Moor and some coastal locations too in short turf.

Claytonia sibirica - Pink Purslane

A common find in rural lane hedgerows and shaded woodland edges. I also found a white flowered variant on one of the many heaths in mid Cornwall.

Cochlearia officinalis - Common Scurvygrass 

This species is very similar to English Scurvygrass but the leaves are rounded with a heart shaped base. Common Scurvygrass isn't present in Kent, whereas in parts of Cornwall both species co-exist, so I've had to brush up on them. Oddly, this species is also found growing on Cornish walls (a mix of earth and slate rock) in the complete absence of any salt influence.

Crassula tillaea - Mossy Stonecrop

I found this at the edge of the Camel Trail between Padstow and Wadebridge.

Cucurbita pepo-  Courgette

Growing wild on a main road grass bank with no alien plants nearby, certainly an odd find. Perhaps someone threw out a courgette and the seeds took?

Drosera intermedia - Oblong-leaved Sundew

Kent only had Round-Leaved Sundew to admire, whereas here, both these species are often found side by side. There is a hybrid between them that I've yet to find.

Epilobium brunnescens - NZ Willowherb

I don't know how I missed these in Kent as the arrangement of the leaves is distinctive, but they are very frequent here on brown field sites and forestry tracks.

Epilobium pedunculare - Rockery Willowherb

Another garden plant escapee that has taken hold in Cornwall, at the moment it is confined to forestry rides in one area and has hybridised with New Zealand Willowherb too. One to keep an eye out for.

Erica ciliaris - Dorset Heath

Ignore the name, it's also found in Cornwall. A quite tall, imposing Heath plant with large bell shaped flowers that are mostly one-sided up the stem.

Erica ciliaris x Erica tetralix = E. x watsonii - Dorset x Cross Lvd Heath Hybrid

A common hybrid where both grow together as this one did on a reserve near Carland Cross, currently famous for the long delays caused by roadworks on the A30.

Erica vagans - Cornish Heath

A Lizard speciality and the County Flower of Cornwall. It forms dense low growing bushes and appeared to be totally unaffected by the severe drought this last Summer, flowering prolifically nonetheless. Probably the most attractive of the Heath species.

Euphorbia portlandica - Portland Spurge

Not found in Kent, though at one point I thought those at Samphire Hoe were this species. However, Portland Spurge usually turns red with age; has an Ace of Spades shaped pair of bracts next to the flowers and a noticeable vein on the leaf underside.

Fumaria bastardii var. bastardii - Tall Ramping Fumitory

Perhaps one of the easiest Fumitories to identify as the top petal is uniquely pink, the same colour as the body of the flower. The upper petal of all other species is tinged dark red or black. Some of this even popped up unsown in my back garden this year.

Fumaria occidentalis - Cornish Ramping Fumitory

Only found in Cornwall and mostly west of Padstow. This one was at the back of The Lizard village car park. It has the largest flowers of the Fumitories and when young has a white stripe around the top petal.

Galanthus nivalis x plicatus - Hybrid Snowdrop 

Found in early March by the River Allen in an apparently natural environment. No doubt a bulb or two was originally planted, perhaps to mark a pet's death, and it has spread by itself since. An attractive Snowdrop with green striped inner petals.

Galium album x verum = G. x pomeranicum - Hybrid Bedstraw

This was found on a Cornwall Botany Group field trip and emphasises the importance of being accompanied by expert botanists to point out such plants. This hybrid was vigorous and grew around vegetation to around three feet tall. The flowers had a yellow tinge to them like Lady's Bedstraw and the leaves were more like Hedge Bedstraw.

Genista tinctoria subsp littoralis - Dyers Greenweed

A common plant on the north coast clifftops that can form large dense mats of yellow flowers at times.

Gentianella amarella subsp/var. anglica - Early Gentian

I searched for this in Kent when it was counted as a subspecies and an endemic (found only in England). It has since been demoted to a a variant following DNA analysis. Very small and compact compared to Autumn Gentian, and of course it flowers in June, around 2 months earlier than its cousin. That's Wild Thyme beneath it.

Gladiolus communis subsp byzantinus - Gladioli

I got all excited when I was driving down a country lane and saw my first wild Gladioli looking exotic on the road verge. However, I soon found that it was quite frequent in west Cornwall and is naturalised on roads and clifftops. Newquay is a good place to easily see it.

Hemerocallis fulva - Orange Daylily 

Another surprise, this time on a tiny rural lane in the middle of nowhere, a few miles from St. Minver. It must have been dumped at some stage, though  no other alien plants were nearby. A lovely flower too.

Herniaria ciliolata - Fringed Rupturewort 

A Lizard speciality again. It can be found in the village car park and on the cliffs around Caerthillian Cove.

Hypericum undulatum - Wavy St Johns Wort 

A stunning St. John's Wort with large flowers under which are the most brilliant scarlet stripes. These also show when in bud, making it more attractive than the Slender St. John's Wort that previously held the "most attractive St. John's Wort" title! It's leaves are also uneven and undulate hence it's common name. Found in wet bogs and moors.

Illecebrum verticillatum - Coral Necklace 

This attractive but small species eluded me in Kent where it was previously found in Bedgebury Forest on the Sussex border. Having found in on Bodmin Moor this year, it clearly likes the ground to be very wet, so I think it probably only flowers in Kent in wet summers. Of course, it was bone dry when I searched for it in 2021.

Jacobaea aquatica - Marsh Ragwort 

This is on the Rare Plant Register in Kent as it likes wet acidic ground. Common in Cornwall on moors, heaths and bogs provided it stays damp or wet. Its flowers are much bigger than other ragworts and the end lobe of the leaves is also very large.

Limonium brittanicum subsp brittanicum - Western Sea-lavender

I thought this was Rock Sea-lavender when I first found it, but it seems experts before me have named it further. It formed extensive low growing mats of lovely lilac to purple coloured flowers carpeting the north coast cliffs. They flowered at the height of the drought, so likely get enough water simply from coastal dew in the mornings.

Littorella uniflora - Shoreweed

A very unassuming and boring flower! It has no petals and in the photo below you can see some stamens sticking up with the anthers atop to distribute its pollen. I have no idea what pollinates it, whether it is wind or insect, but it was prolific in the draw down zone of Colliford Lake on Bodmin Moor.

Lobelia urens - Heath Lobelia 

This is now a very rare plant and here it is only found on one reserve north of St. Austell. It is beautiful and I was very glad to find it given that to do so I was bitten numerous times by horseflies. Months later, I still have marks on my legs from those bites! That was the only day I forgot to take out my insect repellent too. I use Deet and I never get bitten. I picked up a tick too, though it was crawling over my leg and hadn't buried its head in me yet! Don't get complacent.

Melittis melissophyllum - Bastard Balm

A beautiful, large and imposing dead-nettle type plant that seems to be confined to Devon and Cornwall. I surveyed the area around Wadebridge to Camelford and overall it was still thriving in places it had historically been recorded in before, so that was good. It likes damp and shady places and is often found on Cornish walls overtopped by deciduous trees like Sycamore and Hazel.

Mentha x villosa - Apple Mint

It looks a bit like Spearmint which I'd seen before, but unlike Spearmint the flowers had branches and the smell when crushed was quite horrible. Crush a Spearmint leaf and it's like opening Spearmint gum! I found clumps of this plant on a freshwater stream by the Camel Estuary.

Misopates orontium - Weasel's Snout

This plant occasionally pops up in East Kent, but as I lived in North Kent, I never found it. In Cornwall, it is present in several fields in a few locations. It seems that those managed by the Natonal Trust at West Pentire are the best to view rarer arable plants.

Myosotis secunda - Creeping forget-me-not 

Almost absent from Kent, this is a common plant here in bogs and mires. It is very pale blue with large flowers and looks quite different to Water Forget-me-not which is the only other species that it could be confused with, given it likes to grow only in very wet places.

Orobanche alba - Thyme Broomrape

What a stunning plant! Only found on The Lizard, it parasitises Wild Thyme. As the host plant is common throughout Cornwall, you'd think this would follow it around, but no, it's only found on The Lizard, so there must be another reason limiting its spread - perhaps climate or base rock? Head for Kynance Cove car park and you can't miss them on the coast path there.

Pancratium maritimum - Sea Daffodil 

Another stunning plant, they really are delightful. Native to Brittany which is a short sea ride away for their floating seeds and these could be native too. However, the verdict is out at present as they could be throw-outs. These were photographed at Par Sands which to be fair has a large amount of escaped garden plants growing there. However, it is also found at Marazion further west without other alien species and east into Devon too. I'm sure it will spread further as the climate warms.

Petroselinum crispum - Garden Parsley

Reasonably common on the north coast, especially along Cornish walls by the sea. Crush a leaf and it smells strongly of parsley.

Pinguicula lusitanica - Pale Butterwort 

Pale Butterwort is a common plant of bogs and mires in Cornwall. Oddly, the Common Butterwort is only found in one location here and as I'd seen them in Anglesey before, it didn't make this list. Both species eat insects by trapping them in their sticky leaves which fold up and digest the unfortunate insect.

Polygonum maritimum - Sea Knotgrass

A very distinctive knotgrass found at Par Sands below. The flowers are bunched up as the internodes are very short. To seperate it from Ray's Knotgrass, the leaves are inrolled too.

Primula vulgaris var caulescens - Long stemmed Primrose

Everyone has seen a Primrose I suspect, but look how long the flower stalks are. By examining the flowers and hairs on the stem, the County Recorder ruled out any hybrid or Polyanthus cultivar. This is a variety of Primrose that hadn't been seen in Cornwall for a 100 years and I found it near St. Kew Highway. At the same time, another specimen was found by another botanist near Bodmin too. Keep an eye out for them this coming Spring.

Primula x pruhoniciana - Hybrid Primrose

Growing on a roadside near Kelly Bridge, all by itself, was a bright blue Primrose, with nothing to suggest it was planted. It was a county first for this garden hybrid Primrose in the wild.

Ranunculus omiophyllus - Round Lvd Water Crowfoot

A common Water Crowfoot found in acidic bogs and mires in Cornwall, but one I'd never come across before. The large flowers with well separated petals make it stand apart from similar species with which it could be confused.

Ranunculus parviflorus - Small flowered Buttercup

Another one that eluded me in Kent that I found by chance on someone's driveway where it exited onto a rural country lane. unassuming flowers, but great to find.

Romulea columnae - Sand Crocus

My first ever sighting of these lovely but tiny flowers. I did a population check together with another botanist (Billy). There are only two small populations of them about 100m apart growing not on sand, but on very short turf over granite bedrock. One population was doing fine, the other not so much!

Sabulina verna - Spring Sandwort

Another new species found on the field trip to The Lizard, it likes Serpentine base rock!

Salix repens var repens - Creeping Willow

Common on bogs, mires and heaths though mostly difficult to see except when it is in flower. Even then the catkins are very small and you look around wondering if they fell off a nearby grey or goat willow.

Sanguisorba officinalis - Great Burnet

Found on the short turf around Kynance Cove in company with Saw-wort and Harebells.

Scilla autumnalis - Autumn Squill

An uncommon late Summer flowering Squill that favours short coastal turf with some salt influence. It grows bigger than Spring Squill but not often more than 6" tall.

Scilla forbesii - Pink Giant Squill 

An attractive garden escape I found on a rural road verge near Bodieve with no habitation within 1/2km.

Scilla verna - Spring Squill

Common around the Cornwall coastal cliffs, but absent from the east of England. They are much more of a blue colour, whereas, Autumn Squill are pink.

Scrophularia scorodonia - Balm-leaved Figwort 

Quite common in Cornwall, the scrunched up leaves are different to Water or Common Figworts. Found in hedgerows, Cornish walls and coastal areas.

Scutellaria galericulata x minor = S. x hybrida - Hybrid Skullcap

This was found on a Cornwall Botany Group field trip to see Bog Orchids. This large bushy plant was happily growing right by the car park and on first glance looks like Common Skullcap. However, the flowers were too small as were the leaves which led to a specimen being collected and later determined to be the hybrid shown.

Spergularia bocconei - Greek Sea Spurrey 

Another species found in The Lizard village car park, but it is spreading and I have also found it in National Trust car parks on the north coast.

Stellaria neglecta var elizabethae - Greater Chickweed 

There is also a var.neglecta (which has hairy flower stalks) and I found both variants in my surveys for this plant in late Spring around Wadebridge. It is doing well and is present almost everywhere it was historically found. I believe this is due to the Cornish walls in which it grows remaining unchanged for hundreds of years. It dwarfs Common Chickweed and only a stunted Greater Chickweed specimen could be mistaken for it.

Taraxacum britanicum - Dandelion

A mid-sized Dandelion microspecies that I found at Rosenannon Downs on a road verge. The only Dandelion growing around that area.

Taraxacum piceatum - Dandelion

A new species record for Constantine dunes which was odd as it has been properly surveyed for Dandelion microspecies in the 1980s.

Trifolium occidentale - Western Clover 

A Lizard speciality.

Trifolium strictum - Upright Clover 

A Lizard speciality.

 Trifolium bocconei - Twin-headed Clover

A Lizard speciality. Unfortunately, likely due to the drought, all the specimens shown to us by the County Recorder only had single heads and not twin as the name suggests. Thus a return visit in more favourable conditions is called for later this year.

Trocdaris verticillata - Whorled Caraway 

There is a meadow at Greena Moor near Bude full of this. The flowers look just like a weedy Cow Parsley but the leaves tell it apart from all other umbellifers.

Viola lactea - Pale Dog Violet 

A striking rare violet from Retire Common on the mid Cornwall moors. It's declining now and no-one really knows why.

Viola palustris - Marsh Violet

Supposedly common on bogs and heaths, but given the drought of 2022 I found them hard to find. All were tiny and stunted that I did find.

Viola riviniana x Viola lactea - Hybrid Dog Violet

As is often the case with hybrids, this vigorous clump overflowed with flowers showing a mix of white and purple and everything in between. Virtually no seed is set with this hybrid and the dead flowers remain on the plant for some time.

Zantedeschia aethiopica - Arum Lily

Found in a wet ditch at Polzeath, it was obviously an escape from a nearby garden, but impressive and growing wild.

In total there are well over 70 new species that I found for the first time in 2022, so look out for part two following soon. It includes several new orchid species and hybrid orchids too.

Take Care

Dave