Botanical Finds in Cornwall - November 2023

 It's been a wet but mild month and with the daylight hours becoming fewer, there's nowhere near as much to find as I might have done a few weeks ago. However, I am ever the optimist when I venture out and I did find some plants of interest, these follow below.

A visit to Daymer Bay found some scattered Carline Thistles. This one had gone to seed, but to be fair, they don't look much different when in flower! 

Carlina vulgaris

When they are flowering, the centre amber coloured fluffy bit in the middle, has rings of 5 merrous flowers, with white or purple petals. Here's a photo I took of one in Kent a few years back so you can see for yourself what they look like in flower.

 

 Not far from the thistles were several Evening Primroses. This one was the hybrid between Common and Large-flowered called, Intermediate Evening Primrose.

Oenothera x fallax

 Nearby was one of the parent species, Common Evening Primrose. It lacks red colouring to the sepals and pods which you can see in the hybrid above and has no red blisters on the stems from which the stem hairs arise. Also in Common Evening Primrose, the stamens are about the same length as the style and with much smaller flowers than Large-flowered.

Oenothera biennis

It had poured down with rain the previous few hours, so many flowers around had closed up or looked a bit bedraggled like this Common Storksbill below.

Erodium cicutarium

Whilst on my knees looking in the short coastal turf, I noticed a shiny black beetle. I researched it and I think it is an Umbellifer Leaf Beetle though it was on Mouse-ear Hawkweed. However, Sea Carrot and Garden Parsley were close by.

Chrysolina oricalcia

 A few days later I took a slow walk around Portloe on the Roseland Peninsular with this south coast location making a welcome change to the rugged north coast cliffs of Cornwall. On a roadside wall I found some Wall-rue which is always nice to find.

Asplenium ruta-muraria

 On a path from the village to the coast path I came across a patch of Pink Purlane which is widely naturalised in Cornwall and can spread without human help (i.e. not planted or just surviving where dumped with soil). I've even found them along rural roadside verges in the Cornish hedge/walls.

Claytonia sibirica

 

The biggest surprise of this trip to Portloe wasn't a rare or unusual plant, but a common spring flowering species called Lesser Celandine. The surprise was that I found one in flower, by far the earliest flowering time for me seeing it. Previously late December was the earliest I had seen a few flowering. I guess this had something to do with the very mild and damp Autumn so far.

Ficaria verna

 

 Birdsfoot is a small plant with tiny flowers (alas not out now) and I commonly find it in poor, thin soils. It's just at home in habitats like the Bodmin Moor; on coastal cliffs and paths; china clay waste sites and even on pasture turf where cattle have poached the soil causing bare patches in the earth.

Ornithopus perpusillus

 

Sea Radish was abundant along the cliff path close to the sea, but only one plant still had flowers, the rest were in seed, with their distinctive pods which are edible too.

Raphanus raphanistrum subsp. maritimus

 

A fallow arable field just off the coast path threw up some nice plants such as this Common Ramping Fumitory. There were at least 100 plants in this field alone.

Fumaria muralis

 

Also present was the largest amount of Corn Spurry I had ever seen in one field, probably thousands of plants. Of course, due to the damp, dull weather, only a few had open flowers.

Spergula arvensis

 

Field Woundwort was the last interesting species in this field.

Stachys arvensis

As I returned to the village, I found some very early flowering Sweet Violets, and I saw many Common Dog Violets (Viola riviniana) in flower on the same walk too.

Viola reichenbachiana
 

 

Late in the month, I took a short walk along the river Camel at Wadebridge whilst my partner was in the nearby doctor's surgery. I was very surprised to stumble upon a clump of Long-stalked Orache growing by the town slipway. This is a rare plant in Cornwall, though I had previously discovered two other populations nearby, so it wasn't a total surprise. The BSBI referee for Atriplex confirmed its identity. I didn't have a camera with me, so I picked a sprig to take home to verify it. The plant's seeds were numerous on the slipway waiting for the next spring tides to carry them off to populate new areas.

This species has (as the name suggests) long stalks to the bracteoles and it's leafy to the tip of the plant. The bracteoles are of two sizes, larger ones to 1cm long on stalks and smaller ones to 5mm in the leaf axils. The smaller bracteoles often have one of two indistinct tubercles on each side of the bracteoles too.

Atriplex longipes

 

My last walk of the month was along the Camel Trail upstream of Bodmin where I found the distinctive leaves of Sanicle. It will flower in the Spring next year I hope.

Sanicula europaea

 

 My final offering in this blog was another early flowering species, Winter Heliotrope. It's a garden escaped species which has widely naturalised throughout the southern UK and is now very common. It usually flowers from mid to late December into January, but it's already started flowering, a few weeks early.

Petasites pyrenaicus

These species coming into flower early could lead one to think that the winter to come will be mild, however, I'm writing this on the last day of November with snow on the ground on the moors and very cold temperatures over the whole of the UK. So, on balance, I think that a few plants just take advantage of the conditions in autumn if they are suitable and flower early. The vast majority will flower at their usual times, thus ensuring the continuation of those species should the Autumn flowering plants not survive to seed.

Until next time, take care

Dave

Botany2021

Botanical Finds in Cornwall - October 2023

 October remained mild with a conveyor belt of low pressure systems moving in from the Atlantic bringing rain and wind for much of the month. So it was a soggy time searching for plants this month. I'd rather have this weather than frost though, as the cold finishes off so many of our late summer wildflowers. The following is what I found of note this month around Cornwall.

On a trip to the Roseland Peninsular a few miles west of Mevagissey, I found a single patch of Cornish Heath in flower. This was quite a surprise as they are only common on The Lizard peninsular and heaths of the SW of the county. I've no idea how it got here on the coastal path with no habitation nearby, but it was a new record for the area and a welcome find.

Erica vagans

Another new record for the area was a patch of Portland Spurge at the base of some cliffs. In late season they often have bright red stems and so stand out from the crowd.

Euphorbia portlandica

There's something wonderful about walking along beautiful deserted beaches at this time of the year. This is Vault Beach on the Roseland, which would be packed with holidaymakers during the summer. In the distance a stand of Common Reed grows through the sand, thanks to a freshwater flush coming off the cliffs. The pale green plants are going to seed Sea Sandwort. I think it's amazing how they survive the trampling through the summer.

From the same area, I found a few Haresfoot Clover still flowering.

Trifolium arvense

I also found another clover, but this one had no flowers. By careful study of the leaves it seems to be Subterranean Clover, a nice plant to find.

Trifolium subterraneum

Long-stalked Orache had previously only been found at Penpol in a tributary of the River Fowey, though its hybid with Babington's Orache seems more widespread. It's an upper saltmarsh plant often growing at the top of the foreshore under deciduous trees or with some shelter from shrubs. As I was searching the saltmarshes of Cornwall for Glassworts and other interesting plants, I came across this rare plant at Little Petherick Creek, a tributary of the tidal River Camel. It's a boring plant to look at, being all green with no petals at all. The "flowers" are actually a pair of bracteoles that clasp the nutlet within it. The shape, degree of attachment to each other, whether stalked or with tubercles, all help determine which species of Orache they might be. However, long stalks to the bracteoles applies only to Long-stalked Orache, so the photo below shows that feature for you. It was verified by the BSBI referee for Atriplex.

Atriplex longipes

 

A few days later, I found a larger population of Long-stalked Orache well upstream of Wadebridge in the tidal River Camel, in similar habitat to that described above. Whilst there, I also found the Saltmarsh Curled Dock in large numbers, not previously recorded in Cornwall. It was likely overlooked before as the usual type of Curled Dock or Curled Sea Dock. 

All three are subspecies of Curled Dock, where they have morphologically adapted to their environments.

In the photo below, I know it looks dead, but basal leaves were present and the tepals containing the nutlets are diagnostic. This is the only curled dock that grows in saltmarsh and is often 1.5-2m tall. Again, this was confirmed by the BSBI referee for Rumex.

Rumex crispus subsp uliginosus

Before we leave these odd looking plants, I thought I would add another one. Whilst walking the sea wall at Looe, I found an unusual looking Orache that looked like Babington's Orache - but not quite. I again had it checked with the referee and he determined it to be the hybrid between Babington's Orache and Long-stalked Orache. Of course, to use the referee, you have to be a member of the BSBI; take plenty of close up, in focus photographs of the relevant parts of the plant and sometimes take a sample too.

Atriplex x taschereaui

 

 In a field edge near Little Petherick, I found a few Dwarf Spurge, a declining arable plant. The field had not long been tilled, so the plants as a whole looked a bit tatty.

Euphorbia exigua

 In my previous blog, I mentioned finding the hybrid between Hedge and Hairy Bindweed. Below is one of the parents of that hybrid, the pink flowered Hairy Bindweed. Its bracteoles are large and overlapping hiding the sepals (much like Large Bindweed, of which the flowers are of a similar size). The flower stems also have sinuous (twisting) small wings along the stem, usually with small or minute hairs.

Calystegia pulchra

 

 In a shopping centre car park at Fraddon, I noticed an upright, ascending Knotweed with very narrow leaves of two sizes. I noticed the nutlets were protruding quite a bit and on a closer look, I could see they were three sided (trigonous) with concave sides.  This had to be Cornfield Knotweed as no other Knotweed fits this description. A nice find, though in an unusual place.

Polygonum rurivagum

 

With everything dying back, I wondered what I could go and look for. I noticed in the "Hybrid Flora" by Clive Stace, that there was a hybrid between Marsh and Meadow Thistles. Both are present in Cornwall, though the latter is very localised in two locations. As such, I went off to one of the sites to try and find some. On looking around the site, I was dismayed to find that all the thistles had gone over, leaving dead sticks poking up with little left to determine whether they were hybrids. However, I carried on looking and I was rewarded with finding three likely hybrids as they were clearly intermediate between the two thistle species. Fortunately, I took one as a sample, that I later sent to the BSBI Cirsium referee. He confirmed the plant as the hybrid, a first for Cornwall as a whole, so that was good for the first attempt at finding them! I won't go into the details here, but if you are familiar with both species, you can see that the plant below isn't a proper match for either Marsh or Meadow Thistle.

Cirsium x forsteri

At the same site as above, I found a lone Wavy-leaved St. John's-wort still in flower (below). Note the wavy leaves from which it gets its name. The crimson stripes on the underside of the petals is also very distinctive.

Hypericum undulatum

A late flowering Common Valerian also caught my eye as they mostly flower in late Spring.

Valeriana officinalis subsp sambucifolia

Near the end of the month I returned to the Roseland and at Pendower Beach I looked in a cave at the top of the beach. I was amazed to find over 50 Sea Spleenworts growing in it, which was probably a gross under estimate. It was the finest display of this fern I've yet seen. Of course, inside a cave it's rather dark and unsuitable for photography. I couldn't get inside for a flash photo as fallen rocks were an obstacle. Suffice to say, if you find a cave, have a (careful) look inside.

Asplenium marinum

In a Roseland field edge, I found Lesser Quaking Grass for the first time. I'm familiar with the usual Quaking Grass found on the chalk grasslands of Kent and of course Greater Quaking Grass, which is a common garden escape here in Cornwall, but these were tiny. The easiest way to tell them apart from the bigger types is that the flowers/seeds are all green. They aren't native, but unlike the other Quaking Grass species, these are found in arable or pasture fields.

Briza minor

It's fungi time, but after a brief dabble with them, I moved onto plants, though I still photograph and try to identify any unusual looking fungi I might come across. These are White Spindles, growing in a pasture field.

Clavaria fragilis

Hard Fern is probably one of the easiest ferns to identify and is widely found on acidic soils in shaded places. However, unlike most ferns, this species throws up two types of frond as shown below. The narrow one is the fertile frond and the underside is full of spores. The thicker frond has no spores and is used by the plant solely for photosynthesis and not for reproduction. 

Blechnum spicant

Chickory is uncommon here, but it does pop up occasionally. Here, it was growing in a field edge, but I have seen them growing on roundabouts and road verges too.

Cichorium intybus

A Long-stalked Cranesbill growing well on a rural path verge.

Geranium columbinum

Red Hot Pokers growing up an inaccessible cliff on the south coast. I think it's fairly safe to say they arrived naturally and were not planted. One would have needed ropes and climbing equipment to get to them!

Kniphofia

That rounds up my October finds. The month wasn't full of vibrant colourful flowers, which is to be expected now, but I did find some very interesting plants, some rarities and some species not previously recorded in Cornwall. One never knows what is out there until one goes out looking and finds it!

Best Wishes

Dave

 

Botanical Finds in Cornwall - September 2023

 Summer has gone, but the plants don't necessarily follow our calendar. There are always new species and plants to find, so I go out looking all year round as and when I can. Below are some of the interesting plants I found this last September in Cornwall.

Field Gentian is a species I'd not seen before, and in late August, spurred on by photos online of flowering plants from as far north as Cumbria, I searched for them in Cornwall. I didn't find any! It seems the Cornish plants do not flower until well into September for some reason. So I travelled down to the Lizard Downs to try and find some and I was successful, finding around 100 plants in total along a dry track about a mile inland from Kynance Cove. Unfortnately, this species only opens its flowers on a sunny day and whilst it was sunny on the beach, the moist sea air rising over the cliffs led to the Lizard Downs being shrouded in cloud and mist, so the flowers were firmly closed.

Gentialella campestris

This Gentian is different to other Gentians in having unequal sepals and only four petals. In the photo above you can see the two outer larger sepals almost totally enclosing the two smaller pointy ones.

I finally found a sorry looking plant in flower. It looked like it had been trodden on, unsurprising, given it was about an inch tall and firmly on an earth footpath. However, you can clearly see it only has 4 petals, not 5.

 

Of course, being close to The Lizard always means there are some rare or uncommon plants to see, like the Sneezewort below and masses of Great Burnet by the side of the road.

Achillea ptarmica

Also by the road were some alien species, no doubt from dumped garden material long ago. Below is Apple Mint and yes, it does smell a bit like fermented apples when you crush a leaf. It's the hybrid between Round-leaved Mint and Spearmint. You can tell it apart from Round-leaved Mint in that the leaf teeth are horizontal giving it a sharply serrated edge to the leaves. Round-leaved Mint leaves are similar to this hybrid, but the teeth are strongly downturned, making the leaf look rounded and not serrated from above. Spearmint, of course, smells wonderfully of Spearmint, just like the gum, so the smell (and leaf shape) rules that out.

Mentha x villosa

Walking along the drier parts of the Downs were thousands of Devil's Bit Scabious flowering. All were blue/lilac in colour apart from a couple of clumps I noticed that were the white form. It's certainly a stunnning colour form. I have seen white flowered plants on the Kentish chalk, but never here before.

Succissa pratensis

Another roadside alien plant was Japanese Anemone, a common garden throwout that seems to survive and thrive. It is commonly recorded throughout Cornwall as a garden escape, but unlike our native anemones, this plant grows to several feet tall with multiple flowerheads. It's quite attractive and doesn't seem to be invasive or spread aggressively.

Anemone x hybrida

Not far from the road was a dried up large pond. It wasn't really dried up as the soil was very damp and the turf spongy. It was full of Marsh St John's wort, Gypsywort and other damp loving species like this Lesser Water-plantain, one of hundreds in flower here. Dont be fooled by the macro photograph into thinking these are large flowers, these are tiny flowers on small plants, with narrow leaves in a tangled rosette below.

Baldellia ranunculoides

I then came across thousands of Pillwort spikes, which is a tiny fern. It forms a round globule on the ground when mature (hence the Pill name) which ruptures when ripe spreading the spores.

When fresh, as below, they are bright green and at first can look like some sort of grass.

Pilularia globulifera

A new species for me was Lesser Marshwort, a small, fine-leaved creeping plant related to Fool's Watercress. Unfortunately, it was too late in the year for flowers.

Helosciadium inundatum

Later in the month, I took a woodland walk more locally to Wadebridge. On a Broad-leaved Dock, I found a gravid female Green Dock Beetle with its irridescent metallic wing covers refracting light gloriously in the sunlight.

Gastrophysa viridula

I found a flowering Bugle on the muddy woodland path. These usually flower in Spring, but you do get some plants putting up a few flowers in the late Summer too, along with Dog Violets and Primroses.

Ajuga reptans

Near to a farmer's manure heap storage area, I found a new species to me, called Striped Goosefoot. This family of plants are quite difficult to key out and I used several texts including Stace and Sell & Murrell to be sure. Of course, I took lots of photos too.

Chenopodium strictum subsp strictum

There is another subspecies with red stripes too, though these were all green.

On my return walk, I came across a Bindweed that just looked odd. On closer inspection, it was clearly the hybrid between Large and Hedge Bindweeds. On the same plant were some large and some small flowers with the small ones lacking the large overlapping bracteoles and the large ones having them.

Calystegia sepium x silvatica = C. x lucana

I also found Spotted Dead-Nettle, another alien species that establishes itself from fly tipped material. It spreads by forming a large mat of plants, but it doesn't seem to spread further than a few metres from the original introduction site, so maybe the seed is not fertile. It's worth bearing this species in mind if you record plants without flowers (vegetatively) over the winter months, as its leaves can look a bit like Garden Archangel.

Lamium maculatum

I like walking by the sea, so I record by it when I can. On this day, I went to the north coast near Gunver Head and found a patch of lovely Cornish Ramping Fumitory by a lay-by. Endemic to Cornwall, so a special plant.

Fumaria occidentalis

Saw-wort was flowering in droves along the cliffs, though most plants were only a few inches tall. Inland they can be three feet tall.

Serratula tinctoria

My last find that day was Marsh Arrowgrass, another new species for me. I'd seen Sea Arrowgrass lots of times as it's very common on saltmarshes in my area, so it was great to see this on a clifftop flush.

Unfortunately, it was in seed, but these are distinctive enough to tell it apart from its maritime cousin. The leaves are long and grass like and form small tufts from which the flower spike arises.

Triglochin palustris

At the end of September I took a relatively local walk at Little Petherick. A field edge by the path had some nice plants in it, such as this Round-leaved Fluellen, scarcer in Cornwall than Sharp-leaved, which was also present.

Kickxia spuria

On this walk, I eventually came to a little creek, an offshoot of the tidal Camel Estuary with some saltmarsh. I recorded  many common saltmarsh species but added Long-stalked Glasswort to this area. It was quite difficult identifying Glassworts here as a recent storm had covered them all in mud, this species is normally a bright green.

Salicornia dolichostachya

My final plant of this blog was another new hybrid species for me, the cross between Hairy and Hedge Bindweeds. I had never seen Hairy Bindweed before, but the flowers are pink with white stripes and the petioles are usually winged or somewhat hairy. This plant below again, had large and small flowers with inflated overlaping bracteoles on the large flowers (90% of those open) and small open bracteoles on the smaller flowers (10% of this open). Again, I took a lot of photos and consulted my Vice County Recorder. It was agreed this was in fact the hybrid and was new to Cornwall. 

I could only find Hedge Bindweed close by, but Hairy Bindweed had been recorded there in the recent past too.

Calystegia sepium subsp sepium x C. pulchra = C. x scanica

A few days later I returned to the area and found the Hairy Bindweed parent, hiding in a corner of a rough car park. It looked similar but all flowers were large with inflated bracteoles hiding the sepals and petioles were somewhat winged with minute hairs. Of note was that the hybrid plant was massive in comparison to either parent, stretching up around 15m off the ground around surrounding vegetation, whereas both nearby parent species were under 2 metres.

So ended September. I didn't get out much due to ill health, but I made the most of it when I could, I wonder what October will bring. I hope you liked reading this, take care.

Dave