Cornwall Botany - April 2024

 As I write this near the end of April, it has been a cold, mostly wet month overall with only glimpses of Spring sunshine and never more than a few days without cloud and rain. However, the plants respond mostly to increasing daylight hours and not just temperature, so more and more species are coming into flower every week. Here's a selection of those flowering here this April.

Goldilocks Buttercups are rare in Cornwall and are found in old woodlands, so it was nice to see it at a known site near Wadebridge. This is another genus where there are many microspecies or apomictic populations. In Kent, the majority of them are scruffy and lose petals within an hour or so of opening, but here, many were intact. It seems it depends on the microspecies as to whether you find some with petals complete or not.

Ranunculus auricomus

Shepherd's Cress is a small white crucifer (related to Cabbages) and I photographed a large colony growing on a Cornish hedge near Dozmary Pool on Bodmin Moor. Unfortunately, I only had my phone with me to capture the moment.

Teesdalia nudicaulis

Thyme-leaved Sandwort has a very small flower and is often found in ruderal or waste areas, as was the case here near Wadebridge.

Arenaria serpyllifolia

Sticky Mouse-ear is a Spring annual, so by the end of May they''ll all be gone until next year. However, it seeds prolifically and it is a very common plant to find almost anywhere except very wet or very acidic places. An easy way to separate this from the other Mouse-ears is that the inflorescences are tightly bunched at the top of the stem. Size can range from 1cm tall to around 15cm.

Cerastium glomeratum

Anything coloured red in the sward really stands out. This is a leaf from a Shining Cranesbill plant growing on the thinnest of soils on a pavement. I think the colouring is a sign that the plant is stressed, but it still survives and has flowers. I wonder if red allows photosynthesis to occur?

Geranium lucidum

Ivy-leaved Speedwell is another here then gone Spring annual. It comes in two subspecies that are easy to tell apart if its in flower. Subspecies lucorum is usually found in shaded habitats such as woodland edges and has white or cream pollen. Subspecies hederifolia has blue pollen sacs and slightly wider leaves and prefers more open, light conditions. You'll need an eye loupe to magnify the tiny 5mm flower to see the anther colour unless you have very good eyes.

Veronica hederifolia subsp hederifolia

Following a tip off from the VC2 vice county recorder, I went to see a new species for me, Nettle-leaved Figwort. It was on the Camel Trail in Wadebridge by a smelly dog poo bin, so it's location was not at all glamorous.

Scrophularia peregrina

It looks a bit like a glossy Common Figwort, so I thought it would be handy to compare the two species, see the next photo below.

And the exotic location!

As April progressed, the Wood Anemones came into flower. They are dotted around Cornwall and found mainly in the wooded river valleys that farmers don't use. However, I haven't seen carpets of them like you get further East in other parts of England. I'm hoping to find a blue variant (var. caerulea) before the season ends, but it has eluded me so far.

Anemone nemorosa

Not far from the above Wood Anemones, I found what seems to be Barrenwort. It's a rare garden escape and looks like a Hedge Bindweed but with woody stems. It also throws up sprays of flowers in late Spring, so to firmly identify it I have to return in May and hope it flowers.

Epimedium pinnatum (unconfirmed)

Still in the same wood was a colony of around 50-100 Common Twayblade, these are also not as common in Cornwall as the rest of the UK. The flower spikes were just short of flowering on some plants. For those that don't know, this is one of the 50+ species of orchids found in the UK.

Neottia ovata

A garden escape naturalisation that I commonly see now is Fringecups. It's usually around 60cm tall with a spike of little flowers up it. This one was on a rural road verge near Wadebridge.

Tellima grandiflora

Spring is the time to find Wintercress. There are three species and the one below is American Wintercress. Check the uppermost leaves just below the flowers. If they are shovel shaped it is Common Wintercress; if there are a few side lobes with tiny flowers under 4.5mm wide then it is Intermediate Wintercress, and finally as Intermediate but with larger flowers over 4.5mm diameter you have American Wintercress. Hope that helps!

Barbarea verna

An unusual find was Stinking Hellebore, I believe it's not native to Cornwall. It was in woodland by a tiny rural lane between Camelford and Wadebridge. I'd only seen them before on chalk soils. No doubt a survivor of past fly tipping.

Helleborus foetidus

The hanging flowers of Redcurrant, quite a common plant in our woodlands.

Ribes rubrum

A trip to my local bog found Lousewort back in flower

Pedicularis sylvatica

Heath Milkwort in deep blue, small but beautiful. Found in acidic soils in dry heaths or drier parts of mires and bogs. Note the opposite leaves at the base of the stem. Common Milkwort has alternate leaves from base to tip. That's useful to know, as there are a few places where both species can be found growing not far apart.

Polygala serpyllifolia

When seen en masse, Bog Stitchwort look like tiny little white stars in the bog.

Stellaria alsine

A walk through a forestry woodland in mid Cornwall had carpets of the alien Rockery Willowherb, a recent arrival to the UK. It's spread here by forestry vehicles and plantation woodland is where it is predominantly found at present. I also found a patch of New Zealand Willowherb, another alien though neither were yet in flower. Both species hybridise with our native willowherbs and it is possible to find a hybrid species new to science. I will be back to look for them come the summer.

Epilobium pedunculare

Bilberry in flower from the same woodland as above.

Vaccinium myrtillus

It's rare that I find Blackcurrant in the wild, but it is a native species. It looks a bit similar to Redcurrant (see above), but the flowers don't hang like a curtain like Redcurrant does. Also, any doubt can be removed by gently squeezing a leaf then sniffing your fingers. If it's a Blackcurrant plant you will smell it as the leaves have glandular hairs that release this lovely scent when crushed.

Ribes nigrum

In a damp meadow I found numerous specimens of this dainty Dandelion. It was clear it was a Section Celtica species and I keyed it out to be a recently described species which was soon verified by the BSBI Taraxacum referee, a nice find. The leaves are very distinctive in this micro species.

Taraxacum chlorofugale

Cuckooflowers are common and found in damp roadsides, meadows and any damp areas really. However, it is very difficult to get a nice photo as the flowers reflect the sunlight back, usually bleaching out the details. Here, as it was so bright, I stopped the camera down to f16 which restricted the amount of light coming into the camera and gave an improved depth of field. You can only do this in good light or if using a tripod. This photo was near a lake in Bude.

Cardamine pratensis

The Fumitories are re-appearing, with this long thin flower belonging to Tall Ramping Fumitory. This variant always has a pink upper petal, matching the colour of the flower body. Other species have a black tipped upper petal, so this is an easy one to identify.

Fumaria bastardii var bastardii

Bogbean has an amazing flower structure but an ugly name. It is common over much of the UK and is found in bogs, mires, lake edges and anywhere permanently wet.

Menyanthes trifoliata

Early Meadow Grass used to be a rare species of southern coastal grassy areas, but it has now spread north to beyond the Midlands and is increasingly found in urban or brownfield sites. The one below though, was found on a path by a lake in totally natural surroundings. It can be confused with Annual Meadow Grass, the common grass of pavements and pretty much everywhere else.

It's characteristics are that the inflorescence is delicate and always pale green with no purple hues; the anthers are smaller than Annual Meadow Grass (you need magnification to measure them), and the lowest spikelet is usually at 45 degrees and not reflexed to 90 degrees or more. Look for lime green patches in short grass or bare ground.

Poa infirma

The clifftop edges on western coastlines are now exploding with the blue flowers of Spring Squill. In places you can get carpets of these tiny plants which look like miniature Spanish Bluebells. Lovely little plants.

Scilla verna

Typical habitat below

Horsetails didn't seem too complicated, until I realised that they freely hybridise. To check whether you have the true species or a hybrid, you need to cut open a stem to observe the hollow inside it. Below is Water Horsetail which is the only species that has an almost circular stem with a very large hollow, this rules out any hybrid. It's often unbranched as shown below and forms large stands in damp areas or by water bodies.

Equisetum fluviatile

Nearby were Marsh and Field Horsetail so it was worth checking for hybrid plants, but this day I failed to find any, though they had been recorded from this venue before. Below is Marsh Horsetail with small branches to the stem and a small hollow stem strongly ridged.

Equisetum palustre

Marsh Marigolds in a boggy part of a lake near Bude, they light up the bog with their golden hues. Even the seedpods are a fantastic colour.

Caltha palustris

My final plant is another Dandelion, this time from near Bude in another damp meadow. It's a Section Celtica microspecies and is fairly delicate. It keyed out in the Field Handbook as Taraxacum nordstedtii as there appeared to be pollen present.

However, since writing this, I have been notified by the BSBI referee that this is in fact Taraxacum pietii-oosterveldii and is new to Cornwall. The nearest known colony is on Dartmoor. The pollen is not on the anthers and appears to have been transferred from another plant by an insect. A plant without pollen takes one to a different part of the key.

If you get into trying to identify Dandelion microspecies, you will need the Field Handbook from the BSBI for sure; then take photographs of all relevant parts, like below. Take additional photos of seeds if present and any flowers in bud too. You then work through a key to work out which section your specimen comes under which takes you to another key. You then go through that, ruling features in or out and use your photos to confirm. It's quite time consuming, but it's a fun thing to do in April to early May. After that, the leaves become degraded and grow erratically, not true to type and most  cannot be readily identified thereafter until the following Spring. There's over 230 micro species to find and probably a few as yet undiscovered. Oh, don't bother looking at any that have been previously mowed, grazed or trampled, drought stricken or flooded! That rules out most Dandelions you will see!

Taraxacum pietii-oosterveldii

May is coming and I hope it's a bit drier and warmer than it has been in the previous few months. Until then, take care and see what species you can find close to you.

Dave

Cornwall Botany - Late March 2024

 March turned out to be one of the wettest on record, so I chose not to go out as much as I usually would have done. There's a limit to enjoyment in heavy driving rain and gale force winds isn't there! I also try to include what could be called "every day" plants, that you, the reader might find locally to you but don't know what they are. I hope this blog helps you to identify a few more plants.

What follows are plants of interest that I did find when I got out and about.

 

Town Hall Clock, or Moschatel, is not that common in Cornwall, mainly due to the fact that the majority of Cornwall's ancient woodlands were felled a long time ago. However, they persist along the steep, wooded river valleys that dot the Cornish landscape. I found five clumps flowering along a road verge near to the Lanhydrock estate in late March. I've also noticed that the flowers tend to be smaller than those I used to see in Kent, I don't know why that should be.

Adoxa moschatellina

The first Garden Archangels had also burst into bloom. This garden escape is very common in Cornwall and can be told apart from the native species in that the leaves have silvery blotches on them and the flowers are a bit larger too.

Lamiastrum galeobdolon subsp. argentatum

The Dandelion season is now under way as Spring is the only time one can reliably identify plants from the 230 or so different species there are. This one looked striking, so I had it identified by the referee. This plant also taught me a lesson, in that the leaves looked spotted. Spotted leaves lead one to a specific set of Dandelions in the Field Handbook, so I found it difficult to determine what I had found. The reason for this was that the leaves aren't actually spotted at all, the blotches are from insect damage. A lesson learned.

Taraxacum hamatum

Spring is also the time that Slender Speedwell begins to flower. It has bigger flowers than most other common species and is common in lawns, greens and road verges that are mowed, and graveyards, which is where I found this one below. Note the kidney shaped alternate leaves that are typical of this species.

Veronica filiformis

The end of March also saw several grass species come into flower, such as this Meadow Foxtail, a common sight on Cornwall's road verges. Hay fever season has begun in earnest I suspect.

Alopecurus pratensis

There are two species of Parsley Piert; both are tiny plants with even smaller petal-less flowers and tiny stipules under the sepals. The photo below shows some hints on determining which species you have found. Generally, Slender Parsley-piert is only found on acidic soils, but not always.

Regarding the notes in the photo: cuneate means tapered (into the leaf stem) and truncate means horizontally flattened off (to the leaf stem).

Aphanes australis

Mossy Stonecrop is a tiny succulent leaved plant that only grows where there is little competition from other plants. As such, it is often found on urban paths, very short turf rural paths and waste ground. Below, it is flowering on a gravel path on the Camel Trail near Wadebridge. In a few weeks, as these plants go to seed, they turn bright red and are easier to see, even from a distance. Look for unexplained red patches in bare areas and you might find some. The £1 coin gives you some scale as to the size of individual plants.

Crassula tillaea

Blinks are tiny plants - blink and you'll miss them. This whole plant wasn't much bigger than that £1 coin in the last photo. It was growing in a damp gravel car park amongst moss. It is another species that doesn't like competition from other plants. When the flowers open, they have 5 petals. Note the thickened leaf stalks where the leaf blade joins the stem and the tiny bumps (papillae) on the leaves.

Montia fontana

Ivy-leaved Water Crowfoot is often found in wet areas of pasture fields for grazing animals. I suspect the animals distribute their seeds in mud on their hooves to other wet areas where they germinate the following Spring. Given the very wet weather, the plant below was in a huge patch of thousands of plants in a cow field entrance that had become a giant puddle from all the rain. The flowers are small and the leaves look like mini ivy leaves and often have dark blotches on them.

Ranunculus hederaceus

The next photo was so poor that I wasn't going to include it, however, it contains an important feature for identification, so I have. When I see a load of floating duckweed plants in a ditch, it's so easy to assume that they are just Common Duckweed and walk on. However, there are several species of duckweeds, so it's worth having a look. Dip your finger into them and pull it out and a few plants will stick to it enabling a closer look. These ones turned out to be Least Duckweed, evidenced by their small size, single root and most importantly, a single ridge line of papillae along the centreline of the upper side of the leaf. Other species may have 3 leaves joined together, tiny sacs of air bubbles on the underside or multiple roots coming off the base. All are slightly different.

Lemna minuta

On a wall in Wadebridge, I came across a Polypody fern that looked odd. The frame of reference of what looked odd for me, was that I normally only see Common and Intermediate Polypodies around Cornwall. The one below didn't fit either species, so was likely to be the rarer Southern Polypody. To tell them apart reliably, you need to examine them microscopically. The text in the photo shows the important points, but crucially, this plant had paraphyses (tiny hairs) between the sporangia (orange blobs on the underside of the frond). Only Southern Polypody has these, apart from a hybrid. The hybrid is sterile and under the microscope I found plenty of viable spores, thus ruling that out.

Polypodium cambricum

In damp woodlands and rural road verges, Pink Purlsane has burst into flower. They are attractive and though not native, are long naturalised in Cornwall and are now widespread in the east of the county. Most are pink or pink and white, but occassionaly I find all white flowered variants too.

Claytonia sibirica

Along a flooded rural road verge in the Luxulyan valley, I saw some Water Horsetail (not photographed). A short distance away, I found more, but they looked different, having denser branches and more rigid (but still weak) stems. This was the hybrid between Field and Water Horsetail, one I'd not seen before. A key tip to Horsetail identification, is to break a stem and note what the inner hollow in it looks like. Each species is different, some with large interior hollows and other with angled narrow ones. I've photographed the stem hollow below and it is intermediate between the two species, as expected.

Equisetum x litorale

The three most common early flowering wood-rushes are now out, including: Field wood-rush; Greater wood-rush and below, Hairy wood-rush. Oddly, the hairy wood-rush is not as hairy as the other two!

This species is easy to identify as the branches that hold the flowers and later nutlets are bent in all directions and thus are unmistakable. The second photo below shows this trait clearly.

Luzula pilosa

In a boggy area under Grey Willow trees, I found the first Marsh Violet of the season. Easily identified by their round leaves in a very wet habitat and when in flower, by the veins of the bottom petal going all the way down to the base. Most are quite small flowers, so if you look for them, they might only be a few centimetres wide.

Viola palustris subsp juressi

In the same area where I found the violet, I came across some Three-nerved Sandwort growing along the drier areas of a woodland path. Easily identified by the 3 prominent veins in the leaves along with 5 un-notched petals shorter than the sepals. Usually found in woodland or Cornish hedges.

Moehringia trinervia

Wood Sorrel is a declining species nationally, so it's always nice to find some. Quite often they grow in damp woodland on tree trunks or mosses. Anywhere shaded and damp where there is less competition from other plants.

Oxalis acetosella

Lesser Celandines (the yellow flower below) have been out for many weeks now and will begin to fade soon. However, they are being joined now by other wildflowers, so look even better. Here, one is enhanced by the deep blue of Germander Speedwell, a very common plant of open woodland, road verges and lawns. It has two opposite lines of hairs up the leaf stems and all the flowers are on a raceme as shown below.

Veronica chamaedrys

Many tree species are waking up from their winter slumber and most flower early. This peculiar looking bunch of flowers below belong to the common Ash tree.

Fraxinus excelsior

That sums up my March botanical finds. Of course, there were far more wildflowers open than what I photograph or show off here, but I hope my selection was of interest to you. I try to include a few ID tips too for the featured plants. 

As I write this, Storm Kathleen is howling outside and driving rain is hitting the windows of my house, so no change in the weather patterns we have had all through March, but I will get out and about in April regardless, I hope you do too.

Take Care

Dave